Online Piracy and the Copyright - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1852 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Tags: Criminal Law Essay Did you like this example? Background: The heated debate about the Copyright(Amendment) Bill has been sparked again since the re-amendment in 2014. Commonly known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internet Article 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³, it was first introduced in 2011 in order to combat online piracy. The government claimed that it is a must to amend the law due to its obsolescence, and that it can strengthen creative industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Online Piracy and the Copyright" essay for you Create order But, many fear that it might become a tool for the government to restraint the publication of creative contents on the Internet, especially re-creations that express different political stance. Various groups including Keyboard Frontline and Neo Democrats have openly expressed their discontent of its re-introduction. Thoughts: The rapid advancement of technology has brought us convenience, but also nightmares to music producers, film makers and software developers. The current anti-piracy law and copyright law indeed do not provide enough protection to producers, which contributes to the diminishment of local creative industries in recent year. The copyright system of Hong Kong is also seriously lagging behind its regional competitors (C. Lam, 2014). Undoubtedly, an amendment is a must in order to keep up with the development of various sharing platform. The only question lies in whether the rights of individual Internet user will be deprived of by this amendment. In my opin ion, the 2014 bill has some clear improvements on the balance between right of speech and copyright. The new amendments introduced new areas of exception to rights. The most notable areas include parody, satire, caricature and pastiche (IPD, 2014), which are the areas that Internet users pay most attention to. In addition, the purpose of comments, quotation and materials for distance learning are also exempted(IPD, 2014). However, some major doubts from the public remain unanswered, such as the ambiguity concerning the effects of published content on sales and profit. Moreover, the proposed areas are limited in a sense that it does not suit the needs of most Internet users. Many people have expressed their concern about the legal liability of posting non-profit re-creations that are not included in the areas of exemption, including music cover and live-stream gaming. These forms of entertainments are increasingly popular on social networks like Youtube and Twitch, and they are be coming the major forms of online entertainment. It is not hard to comprehend the negative feedback from the cyber community, given that these popular non-profit making creations do not enjoy legal exemption. Suggestions: Some terminologies in the bill seem ambiguous to many people and these terms need to be defined clearly. For example, to what extent is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“economicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  damage (IPD, 2014) big enough to cause a criminal offense? How about the ways to materialize the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“substitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  effect (IPD, 2014)of the content? The government has failed to answer these questions since the re-introduction of the law. Moreover, the areas of exemption is something that authorities can work on. The SAR government should refine the current proposed areas, to exempt popular forms of creations and entertainments from criminal liabilities. To conclude, the amendment bill is a double-edged sword, depending on how it is used. It can be used t o combat piracy effectively and to protect intellectual properties. At the same time, it can also pose threats to the development of small scale creativity industries. It is a must for the government to realize the needs of Internet users and make further changes to the amendment. Share this: Twitter Facebook3 Related Living in a world without sharingIn Intellectual Property Law Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2011: Should re-creation be exempted?In Intellectual Property Law Posts navigation à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Regulation Amendment for MPF à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Appropriatestep? Monument vs. Development à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Who decide which comesfirst à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 6 comments on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Copyright Amendment 2014, has the government doneenough?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  posting the issue about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internet Article 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³, which is close to us but not enough attention is paid by HK netizens. Here are my little thoughts on on the feasibility of the implementation of the law. If the amendment is passed, creating derivative works may become an infringement of copyright and thus a criminal offense. needless. Thus, I agree with you that there must be a clear guidance for everyone of how to judge whether the creative works is an infringement of copyright because it is now the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work to make decision on each creative works. The second question is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Who to sueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , it is difficult to identify who is the creator/user of the work from the Internet. In the past twenty years, only handful of Internet Law cases in the US and most of them are suing against companies/organization instead of individuals (Internet-law-Library). This means the law is somehow favor to intellectual prope rties from infringement of other business entities. If this is the case, Government should make further amendment including the Exemption of Derivative works to ease public concerns. Reference: Reply Tse Siu Hang, Wilson (3035103112) on February 24, 2015 at 4:14 PM said: It is true that the Internet changes fast and the government needs to often examine whether the law about copyright meets the requirement nowadays, so some amendments maybe needed. However, Copyright Amendment 2014 seems to to be inappropriate. Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014 states many more new restrictions and exemptions concerning copyright issues. The bill was a common law and it became a statutory law. This made the consideration of the judge become conservative. The judges have to strictly follow the items listed on the bill when adjudicating on cases of copyright issues. They can no longer base on the unique nature of each case to judge. According to the government spokesman, remaining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in pace with the rapid development of the knowledge-based economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reason for proposing the amendment (Government, 2014). Actually, the developme nt could be far more rapid that the government can imagine. When the amendment is put into effect, the Internet may have already changed. The judges should have higher flexibility in dealing with copyright cases, but not just follow the long list of obsolescent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“new rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Reply highly relevant issue in the digital age. I fully agree with you in that it is necessary, and surely the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to clearly define and explain any ambiguities that may exist in the terminology within or influences of the amended Copyright Bill. Ambiguities can lead to unwanted loopholes that may come into existence and provide a path for people to violate the beliefs and values regarding cyberspace copyright protected by the Bill. Another point of concern raised by the amendment is the rights to charge given to the government, bypassing the wishes of the copyright owner. Current trends in cyberspace includes a significant amount of User Generated Content (UGC), such as creative materials published on the website 9GAG and much of the popular content on Facebook. In such cases, it would be unreasonable for the government to hold the rights to charge any re-creators or similar users of the content. References Thanks for your in-depth explanation and contrast about the new and old à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internet Article 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the HK Copyright Bill 2011, which has stirred up my discontent towards governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude in the development of creative industry in Hong Kong. It is widely believed that a global trend of increasing regulation on digital infringement of copyrighted materials has formed alongside with the escalating technology on copyright infringement. Recently, couples strikes against torrent giants PirateBay.com and Kickass Torrent has been implemented. The notion that commercial copyright infringement can harm the creatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s incentive seems uncontroversial, yet what highlighted in the Internet Article 23 is not the direct deliverance of copyrighted items, but online re-creation. It brings us to question how online recreation can possibly bring harm to the creator, and hence, its side effects on freedom of speech, and the development of creative industries. Having said that creative industry will be a stressed developing business, this amendment of internet article 23 shows that the HK government seems taking a step backward. As aforementioned in the above articles, unlike direct infringement like online sharing, or issuance of illegal copies, the economic damage prompted by merely online recreation is questioned, and cannot be easily estimated. Whilst innovations are made based on prior production, this amendment is undermining HKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creative industry as it further discourages artists to create and rejuvenate. Therefore, in the light of its negative impact on creative industries, and the incompatibility of interests of creators, further examination is needed in this topic. An amendment that can balance interest of creators and owners is needed. Reference: O. Lam (23, Apr, 2007). Hong Kong: Internet Article 23. Global Voices. https://globalvoicesonline.org/2007/04/23/hong-kong-internet -article-23/ Reply giving us such a clear and detailed introduction of the copyright issue in Hong Kong. When discussing the amendment on the copyright ordinance, I think it is also essential for us to review the enforcement of the current copyright ordinance. it is clearly stated that, even distributing a small line of a published song is an illegal action. However, it is quite clear that enforcement of such law is not strong enough. Recently, a lot of Hong Kong lyric writers have posted comments on Facebook complaining the infringement of their copyrights stalls. It is almost a tradition for stall owners to sell infringing products in the fairs. We can always see illegal copies of cartoon characters in the fairs. Local lyric writers are the latest victims. Their lyrics for popular songs are being printed on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“creativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  products by a stall. Although it is very obvious that this is an illegal action, no prosecution was seen. Amendments on the copyright ordinance are obviously essential. However, in this gridlock between the amendments being a political weapon or a cure for the infringements, perhaps strengthening the enforcement of the current ordinance might be an immediate solution. Reply sharing the news with all of us While I agree with the points raised by fellow classmates stating that the old copyright law is outdated and needs to be amended in order to catch up with the ever changing trend in crime, there is the one problem with the Bill making it an unacceptable Bill to be passed for the sake of freedom of speech The 2 major problems are authorizing the government on charging the defendant, and the use of particular phrases or words in the Bill which are not clear or concise enough Even with the new 2014 revised Bill, these 2 parts still exist as part of the Bill and it causes speculation on the government on what they want to achieve with the new Bill other than revising the copyright law to catch up with the global trend. As with the government being able to charge on the behalf of the corporation will likely lead to political prosecutions with the fact that the terms used in the Bill are not well defined enough to prevent this from happening As mentioned above, most of the parody used in the political aspect can be subject to the revised Bill as the economic loss is not well defined enough, as the government will be able to prosecute as it wishes, even when the corporation has no incentive to charge the particular person, as it might to actually affect their own interests. All in all the copyright law should be revised, but not in order to limit the freedom of speech

William Golding s Lord Of The Flies - 1200 Words

Alexis Geans December 5, 2016 English 4 Final Draft There are many factors that influence how people behave once on their own in an area without rules. The human race will fall apart without a set of rules that apply to them. When left on its own, and given an opportunity, human nature will revert back to the inherent savagery that lies within. In the book Lord of the Flies a British plane crashes on a deserted island in the middle of nowhere. The only survivors are a group of boys, and without any adults, the kids are left to fend and govern for themselves. Throughout the rest of the book, groups start to form and fight against each other. When the two groups fight for authority against each other things start to get out of hand. The two leaders for each group is Ralph, and Jack. At first the two work together to help to figure out how to survive for themselves and the rest of the group. Until Jack starts to disagree with helping, and starts to make up his own rules that he thinks are fit for the group. An in the midst of things Jack starts to basically recruit boys from Ralph’s group to go against the rules already set. Something like today how we have political parties that separate Americans more than we know (Democrats/ Republicans). The similarity in Lord of the Flies reveals separation between the two which starts to stir up conflict on the island. As days past by more of the boys start to like the way Jack leads his group, which is more â€Å"fun† in their opinion.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1263 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Lord of the Flies William Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, symbolically, how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies752 Words   |  4 Pagespossible, so a five year old who teases others to Adolf Hitler would be classified as perpetrators of evil. Lord of the Flies is a fictional story about a group of British boys who get stranded on island. The author of the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding, showcases Zimbardo’s ideas in his story. Zimbardo did not form his theory Through the character development of Jack and Roger, Golding illustrates the intensity of evil when one is impacted by situational forces. Before Ralph and Piggy unifiesRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1869 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Outline – Unit 11 Introductory paragraph: Topic Sentence (includes the book title and author) The novel Lord of the flies by William Golding is a type of literature that revolves around an anti-war theme. Main Points that will be discussed in the essay presented in order of weakest to strongest: 1. Lord of the flies was written during WWII and one of the manifestations is the dead man in the parachute presumably a victim of a bombed plane. 2. Faction among the group which is similar toRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1282 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, this can be seen how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of the novel can be seen as the motherRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1315 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies was set somewhere on the timeline of World War Two, a war between the Axis and the Allies lasting from 1939 until 1945. Although WWII was fought between many countries in the Pacific and Europe, the main contender was Germany, led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler and his followers, the Nazis, changed the lives of everyone when they attempted to strengthen Germany and brought out all the evil and ugli ness in the world. After WWII, nothing would be able to change theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies886 Words   |  4 Pageshow to live their lives not knowing what s right or wrong. Everyone has a different opinion towards different things. Some say gun laws should be banned while some say they want a gun in their house. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding there are clear aspects of leadership shown within the characterization between Jack and Ralph. I m chief, said Ralph, because you chose me. And we were going to keep the fire going. Now you run after food- (Golding 150). There is evident conflict between theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1672 Words   |  7 Pages The Different Social Cognition of the Similar Stories — Synthesis essay of Lord of the Flies Final Project With the development of British culture, the format of Desert Island Literature has an inevitable connection with the geographical and culture heritage of the development of British history. Generally speaking, the setting of such literature is basically around an isolated island which is far from human society. The characters usually follow a primary lifestyle so that illustrate the courageRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1745 Words   |  7 Pages1954 novel, Lord of the Flies by Nobel Prize-winner William Golding is a dystopian allegory indicative of vast aspects of the human condition. Set in the midst of a nuclear war, the text details a group of marooned British school boys as they regress to a primitive state. Free from the rules and structures of civilisation and society, the boys split into factions - some attempting to maintain order and achieve common goals; others seeking anarchy and violence. The novel is based on Golding’s experienceRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1776 Words   |  8 PagesMaybe the beast is us (Golding 85), in the novel, Lord of the Flies, by author William Golding, Golding uses the entire book as social commentary. The social aspect he focuses on is man’s ability to be evil and destructive. William Golding uses three specific literary devices to convey this idea; characterization, diction and symbolism. Lord of the Flies explains man s capacity for evil which is revealed in his inherent human nature, which he cannot control or ignore. The hidden evil within

Transformational Leadership & Transactional LeadershipSamples

Questions: 1.What aspects of transactional and transformational leadership in the Case Study were Explained most clearly and correctly by the group? What Important Elements, if any, were not Explained clearly or correctly by the group? 2.What advantages or disadvantages of transformational and transactional leadership in the case study were explained clearly by the group? What additional advantages or disadvantages would you suggest are Important? 3.In what way did the recommendation/s presented by the group demonstrate most clearly how management and leadership can be Improved? Answers: 1.This article highlights the transactional leadership, as well as transformational leadership. The transactional leadership styles that include the following of the traditions have been clearly highlighted by the group. The organizational structure that is best suited for the transactional leadership includes the hierarchy structure as well as the bureaucratic structures. These are most clearly explained by the group (Birasnav, 2014). However, some of the aspects of leadership have not been mentioned. The transactional leadership styles are more concerned with the maintenance of the normal flow of operation in an organization. The transactional leaders also follow the disciplinary protocols of the organization. This has not been explained clearly. It has been mentioned in the case study that the transformational leadership is needed for facing the unprecedented changes in the procedure and the culture of the organization (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). However, one of the most importan t aspect that highlights the fact that transformational leadership goes beyond the daily organizational management has not been mentioned clearly. Moreover, the use of transformational leadership in the orgtanoizatio0ns that require innovation has not been addressed by the groups. Thus, the essential aspects of both the transformational and transactional leadership have not been addressed. 2.The advantages and disadvantages have not been clearly described in this case study. One of the basic advantages of the transactional leadership is that, it uses the basis of rewards and punishment for the initiation of the followers (Birasnav, 2014). However, the greatest advantage of the transformational leadership is that charm and charisma is used as a basis of motivation. This has not been addressed in the given case study. Moreover, the transactional leaders are reactive, which is a major disadvantage of this form of leadership. However, the proactive nature of the transformational leadership is one of the greatest advantages of this leadership style (Poloncic, 2016). However, these have not been mentioned clearly in the case study. The other advantages that could be suggested include the incorporation of innovation by the use of transformational leadership. Both the leadership styles have immense advantages in the organization. However, the importance of each of the leadersh ip styles has not been effectively highlighted (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). The essential advantages and disadvantages have not been mentioned in the case study (Birasnav, 2014). The transformational leadership facilitates innovation in the organization and the followers are led by the leaders charm. Hence, the followers are not forced under the leadership, but they follow the leader due to the personality the person has. 3.As mentioned by the group, the police work needs to use various styles of leadership, such that they are able work according to the need of the organizational structure. However, not much has been recommended regarding the improvement of management and leadership (Birasnav, 2014). However, leadership could be improved by incorporating various styles of leaderships such that the organizational structure and operations determine the style of leadership to be used. If the organizational structure is a hierarchical one then the transactional leadership needs to be used. If the organization calls for innovation then the transformational leadership is to be used (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). These could have been recommended. The leadership styles also affect the management of the organization (Schaufeli, 2015). If the appropriate leadership style is used in the organization, then the management is positively affected. However, if the leadership style used does not match with the organiza tional structure or the management, then the organization might be affect negatively. In order to enhance the leadership styles and management, the leader needs to understand the organizational structure and the requirement of the organization, before using a specific leadership style (Birasnav, 2014). Moreover, with the changes in the organization, the leader might have to change his leadership styles as well. Trust in leadership plays an essential role. Leadership could be enhanced by gaining trust of the followers. Charm and charisma could be used to guide the followers and hence enhancement in the management and leadership is experienced (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). Thus, leadership has an intrinsic relation with the management of the organization. The efficiency of leadership enhances the performance of the organization. However, the case study fails to clearly explain the importance of leadership and management in the organizations. The importance of transactional and transformational leadership has also not been highlighted. References Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1622-1629. Muenjohn, N., Armstrong, A. (2015). Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Poloncic, M. J. (2016). Principals matter: Perceptions of principals on school leadership. Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model.Career Development International,20(5), 446-463.

One Fat Englishman Essays - Golders Green Crematorium, Kingsley Amis

One Fat Englishman 1. One Fat English Man 2. The author of the novel is Kingsley Amis, copyright 1963. 3. Kingsley Amis was a British writer from England. 4. Major Characters Roger Micheldene is the man the book focuses primarily upon. He is "a shortish fat Englishman of forty (6)" and a publisher. Of the seven deadly sins Roger considers himself to be gluttony, sloth and lust. He considers himself most qualified in the sin of anger (8). He is so fat that his hips have fused together and he is forced to wear a brace. He also drinks excessively and uses Snuff. His drink of preference is gin with water added and no ice. He has a wife in England, but still enjoys interludes with women. His character does not change within the novel. He remains a selfish, fat, Englishman who is quick to anger, is willing to cheat on his wife whenever possible and drinks heavily. Thus he considered a round, fully developed, but static character. Through out the novel he seems to be drawn by a need to receive love from women, although he discounts their thoughts and general stature. Through all his encounters he seeks love from Helene far more than the others. He feels he is a great man when he conquerors her. Helene Bang was born in Denmark, but her parents brought her to America when she was ten. She settles with her family in Idaho. When she was twenty-one, while on a visit in Denmark, she met Ernst Bang. She married Ernst and moved back to America with him. Although she was born in Denmark she considers herself an American. She is a very attractive woman; many of the male students at Budweiser find her attractive, too. She is a round character, but still static. She lives a life endeared to her husband and son through out the novel. Even in her affair at the end of the novel with Irving she still claims she cannot lie to her husband. However, she confirms she is not in love with Roger, "when I go to bed with you I [simply] feel less sorry for you (185)." Irving Macher is a "brilliant young Jewish kid from New York" who attends Budweiser. (9). He is the author of a bizarre novel, Blikie Heaven, which Joe asked Roger to critique and publish. Physically he is described by Roger as"brown-haired...freckled, with a mild crew-cut...with nothing noticeable about him but a pair of restless grey eyes (11)." He is a round character; Amis develops him through various encounters with Roger, but static also. He is Roger's antagonist. Every time Roget tries to win the love of Helene he steps in to mess things up. For example, he steals Roger's lecture notes before Roger is to give a speech before a few hundred men, is apart of a trick that involves a young lady biting Roger's neck and takes Helene to New York. He is a young who is ready to argue, but also willing to admit his weaknesses. 5. Minor Characters Ernst Bang is a Germanic philologist, who was originally from Denmark. He moved to America after taking a leave from Copenhagen, a university he taught at in Denmark, and received a year's appointment at Budweiser. He is married to Helene. In Roger's mind Ernst is the only thing standing between him and Helene. He is young and attractive. He is also very trusting, and does not suspect Roger is having an affair with Helene. Arthur Bang is the son of Helene and Ernst. He attends a farm school and has especially high aptitudes and study habits. He is important because he spoils a lot of Roger's romantic plans. For example, on Halloween Helene uses the excuse that Arthur would be home too soon from school for the two to carry out a physical part of the affair (57). Mollie Atkins is married to Strode Atkins, who considers himself an Englishman. The two seem happily married. However, she has numerous affairs, including one with Roger. She is drunk one of the last times that she sees Roger. Father Colgate is a priest at Budweiser. He is a flamboyantly handsome and muscular man of thirty, dressed in well-tailored clerical garb (88). He has a serious concern for Roger's current state of being and worries over his soul. Father Colgate is added to the novel to symbolize the constant battle Roger has between what's right, God's way, and what he does. 6. Three Main Settings Joe

SeaWorld The Truth about Tilikum Professor Ramos Blog

SeaWorld The Truth about Tilikum Blackfish is a documentary about a very special Orca named Tilikum. The film shows the story starting with his capture and goes up to his transfer to SeaWorld Florida. The film shows some world defining events that unfolded in his presence. Blackfish was first shown at the 2013 Sundance film festival, it was such a great film that it was backed by Magnolia Pictures and CNN films for DVD release. The documentary consists of interviews from real life SeaWorld trainers who worked with and around Tilikum. It also includes interviews with scientist from different backgrounds to help show the dangers of keeping Orcas (AKA Killer Whales) in captivity and used for show. Blackfish sought to show the world the truth behind SeaWorld’s treatment and misuse of Orcas, by using the story of Tilikum. Tilikum’s story begins in 1983. In his remorseful interview, John Crowe tells the story of capturing Tilikum and other Orcas. He states, â€Å"it’s like kidnapping a little kid from his mother† (Blackfish, John Crowe). Tilikum was one of the largest Orcas ever captured at two years old he was roughly 12 feet long. He was sold to a park named Sealand of the Pacific. Tilikum remained at this park for about 7 years. According to an article on the PETA2 website by Kim Johnson â€Å"on February 21st, 1991 Sealand trainer Keltie Byrne fell into the pool containing Tilikum, he dragged her to the bottom and she drowned.† (Kim Johnson) Shortly after this event Sealand closed and Tilikum was sold to SeaWorld. At SeaWorld Tilikum was kept in a pool with 2 other Orcas. The problem was that Tilikum was from a different family then the other two. Blackfish interviews Eric Walters a former SeaWorld Trainer who states â€Å"during certain times of the year he would be co vered with rakes, these are teeth to teeth scratches on the skin †¦ his entire body would be covered with them† (Blackfish) This shows that the animals really did not get a long the 2 females would gang up on Tilikum and attack him throughout the night while they were in storage. This would cause Tilikum to be more aggressive. The film goes on to explain that although Tilikum showed aggressive behavior at times, he was still used in shows and trainer were still allowed to enter the pool with him. This resulted in two more deaths, first Daniel P. Dukes in 1999 and Dawn Brancheau in 2010. SeaWorld played off Daniel Dukes death as an accidental drowning due to his own discourse. They claimed he was a mentally ill person who had gotten into the park afterhours and slipped into the pool and drown. In multiple interviews with former SeaWorld trainers conducted in the Blackfish film they contradicted the official SeaWorld statement. They said that there was evidence that Tilikum had drowned him just as he done to Keltie Byrne at Sealand. SeaWorld also blamed Dawn’s death on herself. Saying that it was her fault and she wasn’t supposed to be in the pool. This event lead to Tilikum being kept in a small pool in isolation for nearly a year. After that Tilikum was allowed to be used in shows again, but he was transferred to SeaWorld Florida. This is where the story of Tilikum ends in Blackfish, in January 2017 Tilikum died. Blackfish does an extremely good job at telling us how SeaWorld treats their animals and, even after multiple incidents allowed people to interact with the dangerous animals. Blackfish uses the story of Tilikum to show us multiple wrong doings and lies that come from SeaWorld. The film did have a large effect on SeaWorld after it was released to DVD and became widely popular. This was known as the â€Å"Blackfish effect† SeaWorlds stock dropped drastically as did park attendance. The film did a very good job at teaching us a little bit about whales. It teaches us about Orcas families known as Pods, their lifespans in the wild, dorsal collapse and shows us how they are aggressive in the wild as well. For about 3 years after the film was released SeaWorld had no response to it. Eventually SeaWorld created a website as response to Blackfish, this site is named â€Å"SeaWorld Cares† on the website they state, â€Å"The film relies on animal rights activists masquerading as scientists.† (SeaWorld Cares) and â€Å"The film spins an entirely fictitious account of Dawn Brancheau’s death in order to advance its anti-captivity narrative.† (SeaWorld Cares) SeaWorld felt that, because they scientist loved animals and testified against SeaWorld in a court case with OSHA, they were not real scientist. One of the most important scientists interviewed was Kenneth C. BALCOMB who is the founder and lead investigator at the Center for Whale Research. According to the Center for Whale Research website â€Å"Kenneth C. Balcomb spent 12 years sailing around the Atlantic Ocean following whales and studying them† (Center for Whale Research) This already shows that the SeaWorld Cares website is lying to try to brush the Blackfish film under the rug. In Blackfish they show us multiple lies that SeaWorld has their employees tell visitors such as, Dorsal fin collapse happens in about 50% of all male Orcas and they have a much lower mortality rate in captivity. In the article The Truth about ‘The Truth about Blackfish’ it states that â€Å"in the wild, only 1-5% of male orcas in populations have fully collapsed dorsal fins.† (David Neiwert). The article also states that â€Å"Their annual mortality rate was more than two and a half times higher in captivity than in the wild† (David Neiwert). In conclusion Blackfish does a fantastic job showing the truth about SeaWorld and Tilikum’s life story. It uses multiple scenes which prey on emotions and gets the viewer to feel sympathetic to the animals and how they are traded. The film employs reputable scientist to prove every statement it makes. The previous trainers interviewed in the film are all based on personal and first-hand experiences with Tilikum and other Orca’s at SeaWorld. Remember that next time you are thinking of going to SeaWorld, think of this review and the truth behind SeaWorld and the story of Tilikum Barrett-Lennard, Lance G., et al. â€Å"Predation on Gray Whales and Prolonged Feeding on Submerged Carcasses by Transient Killer Whales at Unimak Island, Alaska.† Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 421, 2011, pp. 229–241. JSTOR, JSTOR, jstor.org/stable/24874414. Blackfish. Directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite. Magnolia Pictures, 2013. â€Å"Truth about Blackfish.† SeaWorld Cares, 2015, https://seaworldcares.com/the-facts/truth-about-blackfish/. Center for Whale Research. The Center for Whale Research Non-Profit Organization, 1976, https://www.whaleresearch.com/about-orcas Accessed 11 Nov. 2018. David Neiwert. â€Å"The Truth about ‘The Truth about Blackfish’ † The dodo, 7 May 2014, https://www.thedodo.com/the-truth-about-the-truth-abou-540025703.html Johnson Kim. â€Å"Tilikum’s Life Story Will Bring You to Tears† PETA2, 06 Jan. 2017, https://www.peta2.com/news/tilly-seaworld/ Accessed 2 Dec. 2018. Zaveri Mihir. â€Å"SeaWorld Agrees to Pay $5 Million in ‘Blackfish Effect’ Case† The New York Times, 19 Sept. 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/19/business/seaworld-blackfish-fine.html Accessed 25 Nov. 2018.

Definition of Stump Speech

Definition of Stump Speech Stump speech is a term used today to describe a candidates standard speech, delivered day after day during a typical political campaign. But in the 19th century, the phrase held a much more colorful meaning. The  phrase became firmly established in the early decades of the 1800s, and stump speeches got their name for a good reason: they would often be delivered by candidates who literally stood atop a tree stump. Stump speeches caught on along the American frontier, and there are numerous examples where politicians were said to be stumping for themselves or for other candidates. A reference book in the 1840s defined the terms to stump and stump speech. And by the 1850s newspaper articles from around the United States often referred to a candidate taking to the stump. The ability to give an effective stump speech was considered an essential political skill. And notable 19th-century politicians, including Henry Clay, Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen Douglas, were respected for their skills as stump speakers. Vintage Definition of Stump Speech The tradition of stump speeches became so well-established that A Dictionary of Americanisms, a reference book published in 1848, defined the term To stump: To Stump. To stump it or take the stump. A phrase signifying to make electioneering speeches. The 1848 dictionary also mentioned to stump it was a phrase borrowed from the backwoods, as it referred to speaking from atop a tree stump. The idea of linking stump speeches to the backwoods seems obvious, as the use of a tree stump as an improvised stage would naturally refer to a location where land was still being cleared. And the idea that stump speeches were essentially a rural event led to candidates in cities sometimes using the term in a mocking manner. The Style of 19th Century Stump Speeches Refined politicians in the cities may have looked down on stump speeches. But out in the countryside, and especially along the frontier, stump speeches appreciated for their rough and rustic character. They were free-wheeling performances that were different in content and tone from the more polite and sophisticated political discourse heard in the cities. At times the speech-making would be an all-day affair, complete with food and barrels of beer. The rollicking stump speeches of the early 1800s would typically contain boasts, jokes, or insults directed at opponents. A Dictionary of Americanisms quoted a memoir of the frontier published in 1843: Some very good stump speeches are delivered from a table, a chair, a whiskey barrel, and the like. Sometimes we make the best stump speeches on horseback. John Reynolds, who served as governor of Illinois in the 1830s, wrote a memoir in which he fondly recalled giving stump speeches in the late 1820s. Reynolds described the political ritual: Addresses known as stump-speeches received their name, and much of their celebrity, in Kentucky, where that mode of electioneering was carried to great perfection by the great orators of that state. A large tree is cut down in the forest, so that the shade may be enjoyed, and the stump is cut smooth on the top for the speaker to stand on. Sometimes, I have seen steps cut in them for the convenience of mounting them. Sometimes seats are prepared, but more frequently the audience enjoys the luxury of the green grass to sit and lie on. A book on the Lincoln-Douglas Debates published nearly a century ago recalled the heyday of stump speaking on the frontier, and how it was viewed as something of a sport, with opposing speakers engaging in spirited competition: A good stump speaker could always attract a crowd, and a wit combat between two speakers representing opposite parties was a real holiday of sport. It is true that the jokes and counterstrokes were often feeble attempts, and not very far removed from vulgarity; but the stronger the blows the better they were liked, and the more personal, the more enjoyable they were. Abraham Lincoln Possessed Skills as a Stump Speaker Before he faced Abraham Lincoln in the legendary 1858 contest for a U.S. Senate seat, Stephen Douglas expressed concern about Lincolns reputation. As Douglas put it: I shall have my hands full. He is the strong man of the party - full of wit, facts, dates - and the best stump speaker, with his droll ways and dry jokes, in the West. Lincolns reputation had been earned early. A classic story about Lincoln described an incident the occurred on the stump when he was 27 years old and still living in New Salem, Illinois. Riding into Springfield, Illinois, to give a stump speech on behalf of the Whig Party in the 1836 elections, Lincoln heard about a local politician, George Forquer, who had switched from Whig to Democrat. Forquer had been generously rewarded, as part of the Spoils System of the Jackson administration, with a lucrative government job. Forquer had built an impressive new house, the first house in Springfield to have a lightning rod. That afternoon Lincoln delivered his speech for the Whigs, and then Forquer stood to speak for the Democrats. He attacked Lincoln, making sarcastic remarks about Lincolns youth. Given the chance to respond, Lincoln said: I am not so young in years as I am in the tricks and trades of a politician. But, live long or die young, I would rather die now, than, like the gentleman, - at this point Lincoln pointed at Forquer - change my politics, and with the change receive an office worth three thousand dollars a year. And then feel obliged to erect a lightning rod over my house to protect a guilty conscience from an offended God. From that day forward Lincoln was respected as a devastating stump speaker.

Evaluation Tool for Qualitative Studies Discussion Research Paper

Evaluation Tool for Qualitative Studies Discussion - Research Paper Example There is a stepwise analysis of the research journals as the checklist is divided into various sub-heading, with each subheading bearing specific objectives in relevance to the research document. For instance, in section one of the checklists, internal validity of the document is scrutinized. Under this section, the relevance of the research questions and other internal factors of the research journal is analyzed. The checklist under this section uses concisely designed list of required items. Consequently, the analysis of internal validity of the document, for instance, is achieved easily. In systemic analysis and Meta-analysis, mainly two major quality assessments are carried out. The analysis carried out includes internal validity and general assessment study of the research journal. In Each section has a specific point for analysis, for instance, in the general assessment, the relevance of research on its initial objectives and purpose is determined. Internal validity assessment provides guidelines for ascertaining general factors considered in the formulation of the report journal. Based on the two main aspects of the systemic analysis, analysis of the attached document on Implementation of a strategy is carried out by critical study of the document and marking it against the specification provided in the checklist. The finding according to this analysis is that the research document is of good

Efficiency In Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Efficiency In Healthcare - Essay Example Therefore, to effectively and efficiently implement the program, it is vital to promote a clear understanding of environmental context and targeted health behaviors. Meaningful evaluation is also necessary to explain and adopt appropriate techniques for handling diverse challenges. The change theory spells how ideas can be converted to strategies and ultimately concepts of action. It also brings on board explicit assumptions necessary for the implementation of any program in healthcare. Therefore, for efficiency in the implementation of the program, it is vital to develop both interactive and multi-disciplinary approaches that merge interpersonal, institutional, community and public policy. Conceivably, knowledge is indispensable, but not sufficient, the Baylor Hospital in Houston wasted over 250 million due to non-cognisant initial examination. The proposed program is complimentary to the Obama care, supportive of existing practices and responsive to changing healthcare demands. It clears the way for population changes of general Y and gives room for expansion through globalization of equipment. In conclusion, The Affordable Care Act has a number of growth opportunities for hospital-at-home care. ACA, for instance, stipulates that hospitals re-admitting excess patients soon after discharging risk losing Medicare support unless they can improve their patient outcomes. In essence, the hospitals should focus on hospital-at-home health services as a method of guaranteeing quality follow-up care and proper monitoring.

Toyota way Essay Example for Free

Toyota way Essay With a market capitalization greater than the value of General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler combined, Toyota is also, (by far), the world s most profitable automaker. Toyota s wellknown secret weapon is Lean production the revolutionary approach to business processes that it invented in the 1950s and has spend decades perfecting. Less well known are the management principles that underlie Lean production, Lean product development, and all of Toyota s business and service processes. Today businesses around the world are attempting to implement Toyota’s radical system for speeding up processes, reducing waste, and improving quality. But are they getting beneath the surface of Lean tools and techniques to the real foundation of Toyota s success? The Toyota Way, explains Toyota’s unique approach to Lean management the 14 principles that drive Toyota s quality and efficiency-obsessed culture. You will gain valuable insights that can be applied to any organization and any business process, whether in services or manufacturing. You will discover how the right combination of long-term philosophy, processes, people, and problem solving can transform your organization into a Lean, learning enterprise the Toyota Way. Foreword When I joined Toyota after 18 years in the U.S. automobile business, I didn’t know exactly what to expect. But I was hopeful. I knew that I wasn’t comfortable with the direction that American automobile manufacturing was taking, and I felt Toyota might be different. In no time at all I noticed a fundamental difference between Toyota and my previous employers. At a Toyota/GM joint venture plant in Fremont, California, called NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing), I witnessed the transformation of a workforce from one of the worst in the General Motors system to one of the best in any manufacturing facility in the United States. The difference was the Toyota Way. In this book, Dr. Liker explains the management systems, thinking, and philosophy that form the foundation of Toyota’s success, providing the reader with valuable insights that can be applied to any business or situation. While there are many books that provide insight into the tools and methods of Toyota’s Production System (TPS), Professor Liker’s book is unique in its explanation of the broader principles at work in the Toyota culture. The Toyota Way is not the Japanese Way or the American Way or even the Gary Convis Way of managing. It is the fundamental way that Toyota views its world and does business. The Toyota Way, along with the Toyota Production System, make up Toyota s DNA. This DNA was born with the founders of our company and continues to be developed and nurtured in our current and future leaders. The Toyota Way can be briefly summarized through the two pillars that support it: Continuous Improvement and Respect for People. Continuous improvement, often called kaizen, defines Toyota s basic approach to doing business. Challenge everything. More important than the actual improvements that individuals contribute, the true value of continuous improvement is in creating an atmosphere of continuous learning and an environment that not only accepts, but actually embraces change. Such an environment can only be created where there is respect for people hence the second pillar of the Toyota Way. Toyota demonstrates this respect by providing employment security and seeking to engage team members through active participation in improving their jobs. As managers, we must take the responsibility for developing and nurturing mutual trust and understanding among all team members. I believe management has no more critical role than to motivate and engage large numbers of people to work together toward a common goal. Defining and explaining what the goal is, sharing a path to achieving it, motivating people to take the journey with you, and assisting them by removing obstacles those are management s reasons for being. We must engage the minds of people to support and contribute their ideas to the organization. In my experience, the Toyota Way is the best method for fulfilling this role. However, readers of this book should understand that each organization must develop its own way of doing business. The Toyota Way is the special product of the people who created Toyota and its unique history. Toyota is one of the most successful companies in the world. I hope this book will give you an understanding of what has made Toyota successful, and some practical ideas that you can use to develop your own approach to business. Gary Convis Managing Officer of Toyota and President, Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky Preface In 1982 when I first arrived as a new assistant professor at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, the automotive industry was in serious turmoil in the midst of a national recession. The situation seemed dire. The Ford Motor company was seriously flirting with bankruptcy. The Big 3 were losing market share fast. There was a lot of debate at the time over the root cause. The party line among Detroit auto executives was that the cause was the Japanese invasion. Japan, Inc. had banded together with industry and government colluding to set up trade barriers to prevent American cars from being sold in Japan and artificially lowering prices of Japanese cars in the United States. Of course, in the minds of U.S. companies, as long as the root cause was unfair business practices, there was no need to seriously change the way they built cars. Instead, political channels would right the wrongs. Around this time I was fortunate to be invited by David Cole and Robert Cole (two University of Michigan professors who were leading the study of the Japanese quality movement) to work on a U.S.-Japan automotive study. This research was an effort to help U.S. companies learn from the Japanese automakers. My project focused on how automakers worked with their suppliers on new product development in the U.S. and Japan. The numerous studies that made up the overall U.S.-Japan auto study covered many aspects of the industry, and all the studies collectively pointed to a single conclusion. Whatever was going on with Japan s government and the value of the yen and other macro-economic factors, Japanese auto companies were very good at engineering and building cars. They were not necessarily financial or marketing whizzes. They were not the leaders in advanced manufacturing technology, at least not in complex automation. They designed in quality and built in quality at every step of the process, and they did it with remarkably few labor hours. Not only were Japan s automakers good, their top suppliers were also world class in engineering and manufacturing, and they worked together as a team. But even in these early stages of my introduction to the auto industry in Japan, there were indications that Toyota was different from the other Japanese automakers. While the basic product development process seemed similar across the three automakers, and the top tier suppliers were all integrally part of the product development process, there was a sense of partnership between Toyota and its suppliers that we did not see as strongly in the keiretsu of Mazda and Nissan. Later, in 1991 John Campbell and I received a grant to create the Japan Technology Management Program at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, which I am still directing. The goals of this program are to learn about the practices that have helped the best Japanese companies become strong globally, teach what we learn to our students and industry, and encourage technically oriented students to learn about Japanese language and culture through courses and internships in Japan. This research program allowed me to continue my studies of the Japanese auto industry, and I chose to focus more intensively on Toyota, in particular its product development process and the Toyota Production System. The U.S. government grant focused on transfer of learning so I began studying Toyota’s efforts to transfer its practices to its U.S.-based subsidiaries and American companies efforts to learn from Toyota. By the early 1990s all of the Big 3 auto producers had woken up to the reality of Japanese quality and concluded that Toyota was the company to beat. They were all actively studying Toyota and creating their own versions of Toyota’s systems. They benchmarked the company on its production system, product development system, and supplier relationship management. Their great interest in Toyota’s systems has given me an opportunity to teach about Toyota’s production system and product development process, and get my hands dirty consulting to implement these systems. I have had opportunities to work in America, the United Kingdom, and Mexico in industries including automotive, paint manufacturing, nuclear fuel rod assembly, ship building, ship repair, an engineering professional organization, and lawncare equipment. I have taught lean change agents from over one thousand companies worldwide, and my participation in lean transformation has given me a deeper understanding of what is involved in transforming a culture and learning from Toyota. My studies of U.S. companies working to implement versions of the Toyota Production System led to a book I edited called Becoming Lean: Experiences of U.S. Manufacturers (Liker, 1997), winner of a Shingo Prize (in honor of Shigeo Shingo who helped create the TPS) in 1998. Articles I co-authored on Toyota’s product development system and supplier management in Sloan Management Review and Harvard Business Review also won Shingo Prizes. But it was not until I was invited to write The Toyota Way that I had an opportunity to pull together in one volume 20 years of observations of Toyota and companies learning from Toyota. Reading this book might give you the impression that I am a strong advocate for Toyota. As a professor and social scientist, I work at being objective, but I will admit I am a fan of the Toyota Way. I believe Toyota has raised continuous improvement and employee involvement to a unique level, creating one of the few examples of a genuine learning enterprise in human history—not a small accomplishment. Much of the research behind this book has come from 20 years of visits to Japan and interviews in Toyota facilities there and in the United States. When I was asked to write this book, I immediately asked Toyota for support through additional interviews specifically focused on the Toyota Way. They graciously agreed. As it turned out, they had just launched their own internal version of the Toyota Way to keep the â€Å"Toyota DNA† strong as they globalize and entrust international team members to run subsidiaries. This was the pet project of Fujio Cho, President of Toyota Motor Company, who learned the Toyota Way from one of its inventors, Taiichi Ohno, and he agreed to a rare, personal interview. I asked him what was unique about Toyota’s remarkable success. His answer was quite simple. The key to the Toyota Way and what makes Toyota stand out is not any of the individual elements. But what is important is having all the elements together as a system. It must be practiced every day in a very consistent manner—not in spurts. Over a one-year period I was able to interview over 40 Toyota managers and executives from manufacturing, sales, product development, logistics, service parts, and production engineering. I gathered over 120 hours of interviews, all transcribed. Included in these interviews were several former Toyota managers who left to apply what they learned to U.S. Companies and several suppliers to Toyota. I visited many Toyota plants, supplier plants, Toyota’s sales offices, a parts distribution center, a supplied parts cross-dock, the Arizona proving ground, and the Toyota Technical Center. I have thought about what impact I would like to make on readers of The Toyota Way. First, I have had a special opportunity to get inside the culture of a unique and high performing company and wish to share my insights. Second, Toyota is a model to many companies throughout the world so I wish to provide a different look at what makes Toyota so successful. The fundamental insight I have from my studies of Toyota is that its success derives from balancing the role of people in an organizational culture that expects and values their continuous improvements, with a technical system focused on high-value-added â€Å"flow.† This leads to my third and more challenging goal: to help other companies learn from Toyota and themselves so they can continuously improve on what they do.

Genesis, the Gospel, and Theistic Evolution Essay -- Science Religion

Genesis, the Gospel, and Theistic Evolution Introduction Humans have asked questions about their origin and their purpose on earth for eons. The Bible tells humans that God created them and explains their purpose. However, since the Renaissance, humanism answers questions about origins by naturalistic means and science has been redefined in the process. Most institutions of higher education and many individuals have adopted the naturalistic theory of evolution to explain human origin without considering its effects on faith. In contrast to prevailing thought at Goshen College, a literal six-day creation is foundational to the Gospel message. Combining evolution and Christianity makes one’s faith less logical and opens one’s science to new quandaries. Theistic Evolution: A Definition Before delving into the problems with theistic evolution, let us define it. Theistic evolution rejects the Christian tradition of interpreting the creation days as having been normal 24-hour days. It insists that only naturalistic mechanisms be considered when considering creation and the origin of life. Theistic evolutionists believe that humans and all other life forms evolved from a bacterial precursor in the distant past. For theistic evolutionists, naturalistic science carries precedence over the Word of God. However, in order to justify Christian faith, theistic evolution allows for the supernatural in order to explain New Testament miracles. In Biology Through the Eyes of Faith, theistic evolutionist Richard Wright explains that theistic evolutionists rearrange the first chapters of Genesis into topical sections instead of interpreting them in a straightforward manner (2003, p. 92). He argues that the chr... ...(1995). The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. Vintage Books: New York. Wright, Richard. (2003). Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. HarperCollins: San Francisco. [1] This problem with the theory of evolution was addressed by Stephen Jay Gould and other evolutionists. They postulated the punctuated equilibrium theory of evolution, which does not predict the numerous fossils predicted by the orthodox theory of evolution. [2] It may be noted that some people have objected to the apostle Paul’s assertion that death first came to earth when Adam sinned on the grounds that animals and humans ate plants. Therefore, plants died before Adam sinned. However, this objection ignores the biblical definition of death. Death is repeatedly defined as being the spilling of blood in the Bible. Consequently, these objections are invalidated. Genesis, the Gospel, and Theistic Evolution Essay -- Science Religion Genesis, the Gospel, and Theistic Evolution Introduction Humans have asked questions about their origin and their purpose on earth for eons. The Bible tells humans that God created them and explains their purpose. However, since the Renaissance, humanism answers questions about origins by naturalistic means and science has been redefined in the process. Most institutions of higher education and many individuals have adopted the naturalistic theory of evolution to explain human origin without considering its effects on faith. In contrast to prevailing thought at Goshen College, a literal six-day creation is foundational to the Gospel message. Combining evolution and Christianity makes one’s faith less logical and opens one’s science to new quandaries. Theistic Evolution: A Definition Before delving into the problems with theistic evolution, let us define it. Theistic evolution rejects the Christian tradition of interpreting the creation days as having been normal 24-hour days. It insists that only naturalistic mechanisms be considered when considering creation and the origin of life. Theistic evolutionists believe that humans and all other life forms evolved from a bacterial precursor in the distant past. For theistic evolutionists, naturalistic science carries precedence over the Word of God. However, in order to justify Christian faith, theistic evolution allows for the supernatural in order to explain New Testament miracles. In Biology Through the Eyes of Faith, theistic evolutionist Richard Wright explains that theistic evolutionists rearrange the first chapters of Genesis into topical sections instead of interpreting them in a straightforward manner (2003, p. 92). He argues that the chr... ...(1995). The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. Vintage Books: New York. Wright, Richard. (2003). Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. HarperCollins: San Francisco. [1] This problem with the theory of evolution was addressed by Stephen Jay Gould and other evolutionists. They postulated the punctuated equilibrium theory of evolution, which does not predict the numerous fossils predicted by the orthodox theory of evolution. [2] It may be noted that some people have objected to the apostle Paul’s assertion that death first came to earth when Adam sinned on the grounds that animals and humans ate plants. Therefore, plants died before Adam sinned. However, this objection ignores the biblical definition of death. Death is repeatedly defined as being the spilling of blood in the Bible. Consequently, these objections are invalidated.

Goya foods Essay

Started in 1936, Goya food is more famous in the American market where it has targeted the diverse Hispanic market the in the new markets it is targeting. With its headquarters in Secaucus, New Jersey the company deals in canned foods and other food products such as juice and cooking oil. Some of the major brand names in the market are extra virgin oil, Paela, Adobo and an assortment of designed recipes and mixes for the market. These products are spread out in four major industries †¢ Bakeries †¢ Beverage manufacture and bottling †¢ Coffee and tea manufacturing Fruit and vegetable processing †¢ Meat and food products processing †¢ Cereals and other foods processing Conrad Colon, the group’s marketing director says that the idea behind their vesting into different food products such as beans and rice is to transform ordinary products to Goya specials (Luther, 2008, pp 69). Ranked number 366 in the Forbes magazine largest private companies the company has shown that it is on its way from climbing form the small enterprises category to one of the top 20 multinationals. The firma has grown over time in size and form. At the moment the company is using its success in the American and South American market as a motivation to launch its products in the Asian market such as Singapore and Taiwan, Malaysia and Hong Kong otherwise known as the Asian tiger economies. These economies are currently experiencing very high economic growth. Consumer spending is on the rise as the welfare of the society improves (Thang, 2008, pp 28). Competitive analysis Goya Foods is to enter the market at the height of its success as a brand offering something more than the common. Its brand is synonymous with creativity in recipes (Luther, 2008, pp 67). In addition to this, Luther (2008 says that the company has transformed canned beans to more than canned beans to Goya beans. He notes that this is the notion that the company is riding high on: brand identification with quality and customer loyalty. Goya Foods, which had revenues of $713 million last year, has become synonymous with Hispanic packaged products of every persuasion. He cites the case where retail outlets and supermarkets have transformed form labeling Hispanic food aisles as so to Goya foods. This is against the traditional labeling systems where aisles are labeled as â€Å"Asian foods†. Of this, Conrad says â€Å"We have been selling our products for 60 years, so that some of our products, like our black beans, fruit nectars and olives, have become part of the culture†. The company has reciprocated this embrace with recognition of Hispanic culture such as celebrating the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York. Advertising and promotion is done both in English and Spanish even in their websites (Telvin, 2006 pp110) Moving on to the culturally rich market could then be a turning point for the company and the market if the entry to the market is well strategized and the timing is correct. This gives the company a competitive advantage in that the markets in Asia have traditionally been shaped by the Asian culture. Making a move into the market would appear to critics as â€Å"banging your head on a wall. † This is more so because China has dominated the processed foods market in China and has manage to penetrate the US and European market. The strength of this growth in the market for Chinese products is pegged on low pricing other than brand name and quality. However, Colon sees this as a marvelous opportunity to challenge the status quo and introduce another culture in the market. He believes that the same cultural experimentation that has taken place in the US can be replicated in Asia using the right marketing strategies. He says their strength lies in the identification of the company’s brand name with Hispanic culture which is very important in targeting the culturally adventurous market in that region. Therefore, Goya’s entry into the Asian market can be viewed as a cultural export form the Hispanic world. Telvin (2006, pp112) sees that the 2005 donation by Goya foods to tsunami victims in South East Asia as courting strategy in the region before the marketer makes a lurk into the market. Goya Foods recognizes their major competitors in the American market are Del Monte, Can Agra and Kraft foods as shown in the company’s website. Del Monte is one of the largest competitors with a global presence well represented in Asia by its Del Monte Pacific branch. The growth of this Pacific branch serving the Asian and American market has been experiencing double digits growth since the turn of the millennium. Former Chairman of Del Monte Pacific, Tony Chew says that the company’s 100 plus years presence in the industry has created strong brand name for the company whose regional head marketer attributes to â€Å"leveraging our strengths in production, marketing, and distribution, and expanding our business through synergistic alliances or strategic acquisitions† One of the integration alliances are with the Cadbury Schweppes in US, Nabisco in Canada and Seven-up. Such alliances combined with an experienced management, strong financial base from shareholders and a long history has contributed to the company’s labeling as â€Å"one of Asia’s highest value creators† This has created a kind of market entry barrier in the market with a lot of customer loyalty and strategic alliances forming the base of the barriers. Industry forecast The bakeries industry as on of the very competitive market is expected to grow by 5% in 2009. This is a significant rise after the decrease in consumer spending hurt the market with estimated growth for 2008 only expected to be 2% in the American market. The growth will steady up to around 4% in the next four years as per market predictions. Colon attributes their continued growth and dominance in the Hispanic American market to â€Å"knowing the Hispanic market better than any competitor† through market research. Given that there exist many of opportunities in a country like Malaysia, good market research in the country should be expected to yield good results. According to an industry report on the status of the processed food industry in Malaysia the industry has a lot of opportunities short listed as flour based products such as pasta, biscuits, pre-mixes, frozen pastries and chocolate confectionery †¢ cereal-based products such as breakfast cereals, muesli and rolled oats †¢ pure fruit juices, orange juice concentrates, frozen vegetables, edible nuts and canned fruit †¢ condiments, seasoning and sauces †¢ nutritional snacks such as fruit rolls and yoghurt bars †¢ health foods and bars †¢ halal-processed meat such as corned beef CanAgra as a competitor to Goya deals in brands such as Rosarita, Blue bonnet and Gilroys foods is already making a gradual exit from the Asian market after years of disappointing sales by cutting operations. With an extra room created by CanAgra, Goya can enter the making to have a share of the profits. Canned, frozen food processing industry is experiencing good growth despite the fall in this year’s consumer spending which has hurt sales across all industries. This industry is expected to register a increment of 1% to 5% from last year’s and maintain the same in 2009. Subsequent years are estimated to see the industry fall back to 4%. This increase in growth is largely tied to increase in population. In addition, India’s processed food industry is growing at an average of 12% per year. Such opportunities exist for companies such as Goya to make full use of by venturing into the market. Goya’s product strategy Recognition of culture as the main selling pint by the company has been put into full utilization through market segmentation by culture. Goya recognizes that eating habits from one cultural grouping to the other changes a lot. Therefore the company has realized the need to satisfy all markets by segmenting the niche markets and developing specific products for that market. According to a link in the company’s website http://www. goya. com/english/recipes/recipe_category. html? id=6 the markets are divided into four major categories. These are Mexico, Central and South America, Spanish and the Caribbean. In each market there are various products in form of recipes that are unique to that market only. However, the aspect of cultural exchanges does allow variety in that cultural experimentation through Goya products is facilitated. The company has strategically made use of promotional and marketing campaigns that are well publicized. Alliances with traditional supermarkets and large retail outlets have helped in product placement as a form of advertising. In addition, the fact that Hispanic foods are all being labeled Goya is working well for the company’s policy. However, the same labeling can lead to loss of market. Poor quality products meant for the Hispanic market can be viewed by the market as belonging to Goya which is not the case and hence the company loses customer loyalty on the basis of poor quality products. This would d be against the company’s slogan: If it’s Goya, it has to be good. Profitability and budget analysis Increased commodity prices and decreased consumer sending has for the better of this year proved problematic to marketers. In a bid to remain afloat, Goya and her other industry competitors were forced to increase their prices. Therefore, as Kraft foods admitted their increase in profits this year was partly due to a 7% increase in the prices of their products. Again, going by the same argument, the target of Goya hitting the $1 billion mark this year in sales is definitely going to be a reality (Thang, 2008, pg 27). Del Monte as the other competitor has also reported profits at 11. 1%. Given that all the industries in which Goya operates are estimated to be on the rise ceteris paribus, then the market share for Goya in particular and to all the players in the industry is going to increase in the near future. Marked by such an increase in sales and profits, Goya is increasing her expenditure on marketing and promotional activities. Last year the company reportedly tripled its marketing budget to counter market encroachment by competitors. Again, there have been increased sponsorship and philanthoppy activities by the company. As a result more Americans in addition to the Latinos are turning to Goya foods for an alternative to the traditional American food to more stylized processed food.

Hyundai Motor Company

Background of the Organization Hyundai Motor Company (Hyundai) is the world’s fifth largest automobile company. It is the South Korea based global manufacturer of automobiles, and operates as a unit of Hyundai Motor Group.The company along with its subsidiaries and affiliates is involved in the design, development and manufacturing of passenger cars under the brand names of Equus, Genesis, Genesis Coupe, Azera, Sonata, Elantra, Accent, Getz, i30, i30cw, i20, i10 and recreational vehicles under the brand names of Veracruz/ix55, Santa Fe, Tucson/ix35, ix20, and H-1 and commercial vehicles which include medium and heavy duty automobiles and relevant parts. The company maintains a global production system consisting of manufacturing plants and operational facilities in Korea, the US, China, India, Turkey, Czech Republic, Russia, and Brazil.It maintains a global base of technical research centers in Korea, the US, Germany, Japan, and India. The company market its products in more t han 180 countries through its operational network of 32 overseas production and sales subsidiaries, and more than 6,000 dealers. Hyundai is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. The company’s strategic intent focuses on maintaining its leading position in the global automotive market. The company recently adopted a new management concept to focus on the development of a global production system with emphasis on emerging markets such as China India, and Brazil.Recently, the company in collaboration with KOICA and PLAN Korea, planned to launch a project related to the development of technical training centre for automobile repair in several African nations. Key Recent Developments of Hyundai Motor Company Nov 21, 2011: Hyundai Joins European Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Demonstration Program Oct 04, 2011: EU Officials to Drive Fuel-cell Hyundai ix35 Sep 28, 2011: Hyundai to Expand EV Development Sep 06, 2011: Hyundai to Come Out With New Electric Vehicle Brand For China May 31, 20 11: SK Innovation Commences Construction On EV Batteries Facility HistoryChung Ju-Yung as a small engineering and construction company founded the Hyundai in 1947. In 1965 Hyundai began its operations outside South Korea, expanding production to Thailand, Vietnam and Guam. The name Hyundai is a Korean word meaning ‘Modernity’. The Hyundai motor company was founded in 1967. This famous company has been involved in construction, electronics, chemicals, shipbuilding, heavy industry and financial services. The company’s first model was released with the cooperation with Ford motor company, the Cortina in 1968. In 1967, they began exporting to Ecuador and Benelux countries.In 1991, Hyundai successfully developed its own proprietary gasoline engine. Hyundai Motors India Limited was established in 1996 with its production plant in Irrungattukatoi near Chennai, India. In 1998, Hyundai became a world class brand. During 1999, Chung Mong Koo, son of Chung Ju Yung was given leadership of Hyundai Motors. In 2004 a survey by Power and Associates ranked Hyundai the second in initial quality. In 2006 Chung Mong Koo was arrested for embezzlement of 100 billion SKW, and Vice chairman and CEO Kim Dong-Jin took over as head of Hyundai.Philosophy and Objectives of the Organization The Hyundai Motor Company’s Philosophy represents the values and the principles that are the core of the organization. ‘Realize the dream of mankind by creating a new future through ingenious thinking and continuously challenging new frontiers. ’ Core Values Promotes a customer driven corporate culture by providing the best quality and impeccable service with all values centered on their customers. Embrace every opportunity as greater challenges and achieve the goals with unwavering passion and ingenious thinking.Creates synergy through a sense of togetherness that is fostered by mutual communication and cooperation within the company and with their business partn ers. They believe the future of the organization lies in the hearts capabilities of individual members, and will help them develop their potential by creating a corporate culture that respects talent. Respects the diversity of cultures and customs, aspire to be the world’s best at what we do, and strive to become a respected global corporate citizen.

Electricity from Chemicals †Physics Essay

Electricity from Chemicals – Physics Essay Free Online Research Papers Electricity from Chemicals Physics Essay Electricity is energy found in nature, or is artificially created. The simplest way to make electricity is called a cell. Not a living cell, but a container, with an electrolyte, and electrodes, creating electricity. A good example of a cell is a battery. Batteries are cans, that is full of chemicals to make electricity. There are four types of batteries, and a few early model batteries. The first battery made, was founded by count Allessandro Volta, in 1800. He discovered, two different metals, copper and zinc, which was separated by two disks soaked in a salt solution, created a current of electricity. This new creation of artificial electricity, called the voltaic model started a bunch or new inventions. The most common type of battery used today, is the dry cell battery, or the alkaline battery. The dry cell battery contained an electrolyte paste, unlike the voltaic model, which had a liquid electrolyte. The dry cell battery contained a positive electrode, an anode, and en electrolyte paste, combined. Another type of battery cell, is the mercury-zinc â€Å"button† battery. This button sized cell’s anode is zinc powder, while the cathode, the negative electrode, is mercuric oxide. Most button cells can only create 1.4 volts. A NiCad or rechargeable battery cell is based on the chemicals Nickel, and Cadmium, making up its name NiCad. A rechargeable battery, well recharges, but if over charged, or under charged might not work properly. How is a battery able to recharge? It is simple, because oxidation, the process to combine with oxygen, which occurs at the negative electrode, equals the oxidation reduction at the positive electrode, creating power. Car batteries, like NiCad batteries, can be recharged. To do that, the chemical reaction that was used to make electricity, can be reversed to put it back. Electricity is an invisible form of energy. It is used to power up cell phones, radios, and more stuff. Electricity can be man made or natural made. A battery is just another way to create electricity, a simpler way. The Voltaic model was a simple way. And over time batteries grew to what we know today. Research Papers on Electricity from Chemicals - Physics EssayBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBringing Democracy to AfricaLifes What IfsCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Geography of the United Kingdom

Geography of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) is an island nation located in Western Europe. Its land area is made up of the island of Great Britain, part of the island of Ireland and many smaller nearby islands. The UK has coastlines along the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, and the North Sea. The UK is one of the worlds most developed nations and as such it has a global influence. Formation of the United Kingdom Much of the United Kingdoms history is known for the British Empire, its continuous worldwide trade and expansion that began as early as the end of the 14th century and the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. This article, however, focuses on the formation of the United Kingdom. The UK has a long history that consists of several different invasions, including a brief entry by the Romans in 55 B.C.E. In 1066 the UK area was part of the Norman Conquest, which aided in its cultural and political development. In 1282 the UK took over the independent Kingdom of Wales under Edward I and in 1301, his son, Edward II, was made the Prince of Wales in an effort to appease the Welsh people according to the United States Department of State. The oldest son of the British monarch is still given this title today. In 1536 England and Wales became an official union. In 1603, England and Scotland also came under the same rule when James VI succeeded Elizabeth I, his cousin, to become James I of England. A little over 100 years later in 1707, England and Scotland became unified as Great Britain. In the early 17th century Ireland became increasingly settled by people from Scotland and England and England sought control of the area (as it had for many centuries before). On January 1, 1801, a legislative union between Great Britain and Ireland took place and the region became known as the United Kingdom. However, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Ireland continuously fought for its independence. As a result in 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty established the Irish Free State (which later became an independent republic. Northern Ireland however, remained a part of the UK which is today made up of that region as well as England, Scotland, and Wales. Government of the United Kingdom Today the United Kingdom is considered a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth realm. Its official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales). The executive branch of the UKs government consists of a Chief of State (Queen Elizabeth II) and a head of government (a position filled by the Prime Minister). The legislative branch is made up of a bicameral Parliament consisting of the House of Lords and the House of Commons, while the UKs judicial branch includes the Supreme Court of the UK, the Senior Courts of England and Wales, Northern Irelands Court of Judicature and Scotlands Court of Session and High Court of the Justiciary. Economics and Land Use in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has the third largest economy in Europe (behind Germany and France) and it is one of the worlds largest financial centers. The majority of the UKs economy is within the service and industrial sectors and agriculture jobs represent less than 2% of the workforce. The main industries of the UK are machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper products, food processing, textiles, and clothing. The agricultural products of the UK are cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables cattle, sheep, poultry and fish. Geography and Climate of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom is located in Western Europe to the northwest of France and between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. Its capital and largest city is London, but other large cities are Glasgow, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Edinburgh. The UK has a total area of 94,058 square miles (243,610 sq km). Much of the topography of the UK consists of rugged, undeveloped hills and low mountains but there are flat and gently rolling plains in the eastern and southeastern areas of the country. The highest point in the UK is Ben Nevis at 4,406 feet (1,343 m) and it is located in the northern UK in Scotland. The climate of the UK is considered temperate despite its latitude. Its climate is moderated by its maritime location and the Gulf Stream. However, the UK is known for being very cloudy and rainy throughout much of the year. The western parts of the country are wettest and also windy, while the eastern portions are drier and less windy. London, located in England in the south of the UK, has an average January low temperature of 36ËšF (2.4ËšC) and a July average temperature of 73ËšF (23ËšC). References Central Intelligence Agency. (6 April 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - United Kingdom. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). United Kingdom: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0108078.html United States Department of State. (14 December 2010). United Kingdom. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm Wikipedia.com. (16 April 2011). United Kingdom - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_kingdom

Internship Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Internship Report - Essay Example But it was also a great opportunity for me to understand the other desks that I didn’t really know about, such as back office teams. I discovered that in this industry, though people focus more on the front office, the back office and middle office are actually quite important. They support the front office: impressive front offices wouldn’t exist without well-organized back and middle offices. About the buddy system, I didn’t have an exact buddy during this internship program. However, I had many chances to interact with junior members from different desks. This helped me to a great extent to understand more about Nomura. Jason from IT, Mark from US rates trading, Jerry from credit trading, Tan, Yuichiro and Bruce from research, and Dennis from JGB swap trading were all great sources of learning. I had some of my meals with these young members, interacted with them when they were at work, and these experiences have brought me very close to some of these talented members of the Nomura team. I could share my dilemmas with them, and they often gave me great advice when I encountered problems, or encouraged me when I was upset. Also, while interacting with them, I could picture myself working at Nomura as a junior, and it helped me imagine how I could contribute as a junior member. During the internship, I also had several opportunities of meeting key people in Nomura. I realized that Nomura has lots of all-star players in this industry. Especially, I was thoroughly impressed with our CEO. He was quite eloquent and persuasive during the interview meeting, and I was fascinated by the speed and intelligence of his reactions to my ideas and queries. I see why he is one of the most successful people in this industry and why Nomura is expanding right now. In addition, I really appreciate Mr.Osone who just let me come into his office whenever I

Alfred Wegener ideas about Continental drift Research Paper

Alfred Wegener ideas about Continental drift - Research Paper Example Wegner’s ideas on plate motion were later on developed by different researchers. One of them is Kiyoo Wadati, who suggested that plate motion has resulted in often earthquakes in Japan, and those earthquakes are connected to the continental drift. He compared data from different earthquakes and identified a specific earthquake zone in the oceanic trench (Garrison, p. 70). Hugo Benioff pointed out that Kiyoo Wadati’s findings were related to the â€Å"subduction of the seafloor†("The Giants of Science"). Harry Hess was able to move beyond Wegener’s ideas and develop them in a different direction. He discovered how the seafloor spreading operates and what role magma plays in it by filling in the deep oceanic trenches ("Harry Hammond Hess: Spreading the Seafloor") Ronald Dietz arrived at the same conclusion, however the Hess owns the idea that continents move together with an attached oceanic basin on the same crust (Garrison, p.70). Tuzo Wilson analy zed Hawaiian Islands and their relation to tectonic plates. He concluded that these island were created as a result of plate’s movement northwest over the â€Å"hotspots† ("J. Tuzo Wilson: Discovering Transforms and Hotspots").

Prince Family Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prince Family Paper - Essay Example The series highlight different ethos that forms part of the lives of the characters. Firstly, the series highlights the culture of discipline and obedience. According to the series, children are expected to respect people who are older than they are. In addition, parents have the obligation to guide their children in righteous ways. This ethos enables the series to connect with reality. Pathos outlined in the series includes words or actions hat have an emotional appeal. For instance, Michael is greatly moved as he watches the prince family help him fix his car after he was involved in a minor accident. The argument end the way it does purposefully. Although the argument ends with suspense making it appear incomplete, the producer intends to create suspense in the mind of his audience. Through this creation, it is certain that the audience will always be looking forward for the next creation or production. On the other hand, the ending enables the produce to create a series of thought in his

Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia Areolata

Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia Areolata Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia areolata CONTENTS PAGES 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Problem statements 1.3 Objectives of study 1.4 Hypothesis 1.5 Scope of study 1.6 Significant of study 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study area 3.2 Research instrument 3.3 Sampling and sampling material 3.4 Research procedure EXPECTED RESULTS 5.0 GANTT CHART 6.0 REFERENCES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY Mollusks can be found almost everywhere on land and its habitat was including coral reef, estuaries, freshwater lakes and also rivers. Its habitat ranging from deserts to rainforests (Lydeard Lindberg, 2003). Mollusks also had been identified as an important fisheries and mariculture food such as clams, scallops, abalone and conch instead of commercial pearl production (Landman et al., 2001). Babylonia areolata, ivory shell was categorized as a gastropod in family Buccinidae (Hualkasin et al., 2008). B. areolata can easily be recognized by its colour-pattern because it was the only member of the genus with three broadly separated rows of dark spots (Altena et al., 1981). This three widely separated rows of spots are visible on the body-whorl, enabling easy identification of this species (Altena et al.,1981). It can be found 10-20m deep in sandy bottom (Habe, 1997). B. areolata has a buccinoid shell with the aperture approximately half of the total height. There are no notch can be seen from the upper part as the outer lip of the aperture not clearly thickened inside. On the last whorl in the inner lip, a notch consisting of a strong callus can be seen for the umbilicus. The umbilicus is wide open and the initial whorls whitish follows by the reddish-brown spots on a white background for the following whorls (Altena et al., 1981). The spotted babylon, B. areolata which also known as the Hoy Wan in Thailand supports a commercial fishery (Chaitanawisuti Kritsanapuntu, 1999). This species can be found in the Gulf of Thailand by three different shell colors which are brown, cream and white. The different shell colors indicate different values. The brown shell has the highest price while the white shell has the lowest price (Hualkasin et al., 2008). High demand for the brown shell B. areolata was from China, Taiwan, Hong kong and Japan. In Thailand, the distribution of B.areolata was different at the upper and lower Gulf of Thailand. Phetchaburi and Rayong which located at the upper gulf of Thailand only have brown shells B. areolata while in Songkhla and Pattani, all three colors are found there (Hualkasin et al., 2008). B. areolata is a well-known and nutritious food which have been a popular mollusk model used for the study of heavy-metal toxicity and biologic poisoning toxins transmission (Chen Chou, 1998). As the B. areolata has a potential market in Thailand as well as in Malaysia it will be used in this experiment to study its heavy metal contents and concentration. The place chosen for the sample drawing of B. areolata is in Bachok, Kelantan. Table 1: Taxonomy of B. areolata . PROBLEM STATEMENT Since B. areolata are widely used for the food purpose, there should some study on the composition or content of the B. areolata itself in order to ensure it was safe for the human consumption. The B. areolata lives in place like beach and may consume or eat on heavy metal that comes from nearby industry which may become harmful when human consume it. This experiment then can prove or can ensure the safety of B. aerolata for the consumption if the result of the experiments shows it flesh was having small quantity of the heavy metal which was deemed harmless to human. Heavy metal poisoning in human was resulted from the toxic accumulation of heavy metals in soft tissues. There was some level of heavy metal that permitted in the human body which would not give any health problems to the human health. In this study, the level of the expected heavy metal in the flesh of B. areolata will be discover to investigate whether their level was below the acceptable amount. The concentration of the heavy metal and exposure time make the metal’s toxic effects establish in an organ as many toxicants tend to be bio accumulate. When they occur at certain levels, even essential elements that are critical for life, may lead to loss of organ function or death (Goyer, 1996). This determination also important as B. areolata has the potential to become one of the ingredients for the feed preparation. If B. areolata was safe for human consumption, it also can become the ingredients for the feed production. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To determine the concentration of heavy metal (Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury and Zinc) in the Babylonia areolata. HYPOTHESIS H0 = B. areolata contains heavy metal concentration. Ha = B. areolata do not contains heavy metal concentration. SCOPE OF STUDY The scopes of this research are as follow: Only B. areolata which was draw from Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia. Only one parameter of were being used in this study, that heavy metal concentration. To determine the component and concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY The study was important to get more knowledge about the contamination of the seafood which is B. areolata by the heavy metals. The importance of the study is to identify the concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata compared to the amount that permissible for the human consumption. As the contents of the heavy metal in the B. areolata was safe for human consumption, so the species can be the potential ingredients for the feed preparation. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Distribution and background of Babylonia areolata B. areolata can be easily identify as it has three widely separated rows of spots which visible on its body whorl. The size of the shells can be up to 93 mm high and 52 mm broad. This species inhabits in sandy or muddy bottoms in shallow water. The distribution of this species is from Ceylon and the Nicobar Islands through the Gulf of Thailand, along the Vietnamese and Chinese coasts to Taiwan (Altena Gittenberger, 1981). B. areolata is well-known for domestic and international consumption which make it one of the economically important aquatic species. The price of this species was quite high which around 300- 350 Baht/kg in Thailand (Sutthinon et al., 2007). B. areolata will be a target species of commercial fisheries in Thailand. Nowadays, the aquaculture activity have been increase and improve to ensure the increment and sustainability of the stock as the number and the size of mollusk catch from the Thai coast is small (Hualkasin et al., 2008). In Thailand, the expanding domestic market of seafood and increasing demand of B. areolata results to the many interest to the commercial culture of this species. This also results due to the catastrophic decline in its populations in the gulf of Thailand. At present, the culture of B. areolata in large-scale production using the flow-through seawater system in concrete or canvas ponds shows a success for the species to survive from juveniles to marketable size (Chaitanawisuti et al., 2011). B. areolata with brown shell has the highest price while the white shell has the lowest price. High demand from countries such as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan is for the brown shells (Hualkasin et al., 2008) This species has been cultured and consumed widespread throughout Asia which can be introduce as a new commercial gastropod. In recent years, market demand for this species has increased which results to the decrease in the wild population and shortage of seed stock to support its aquaculture industry. In order to support the increasing demand, the B. areolata should be produced in high quantity and quality by artificial method (Abol-munafi et al., 2010). 2.2 Category and hazards of heavy metal Heavy metal analysis on the source food was very important studies as it will ensure the safety of the food for the human consumption. Seafood was one of the food sources that have a high risk on the contamination with the heavy metal. Seafood may live in the sea where the components of heavy metals may be dissolved in it from the many sources such as the industrial activity nearby it. Heavy metal was divide into two categorized which is biological essential and non-biological essential metals (Kie, 2013) Biological essential metal can be refers to the metal that are needed to fulfill wide and variety range of human body functions. On the other hand, non-biological essential metals are considered to be toxic, nevertheless, modern medicine utilized them in a diverse range of applications including diagnostics, imaging and therapeutic applications (Dyson, 2011). Some examples of non-biological essential metal are lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and tin. All heavy metals can be toxic when they exceed the threshold concentrations (Kie, 2013). 2.3 Heavy metal analysis in fish Heavy metals can harm human health by contaminating or accumulating in aquatic life and enter the food chain if the contamination and exposure is significant (Fernandes et al. 2007). In addition, this heavy metal are categorizes by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) based on their potential for human exposure and health risk (Birungi et al. 2007). Fish is consumed by large population especially those who live nearby the river as a source of protein and the accumulating of heavy metal in fish will be an important issues (Roshasliney et al., 2010) Fish which has low saturated fat and sufficient omega fatty acid are also important in supporting good health to human. Growing rates, metabolism, feeding pattern and ecological need will influence the level of heavy metal contamination in fish (Yilmaz et al. 2005; Yilmaz et al. 2010). Besides, the exposure of fish to heavy metals also depends on the differences in life history patterns among species (including trophic levels and geographical distribution of life stages (Allen-Gil Martynov 1995). 2.4 Heavy metal analysis in bivalve and gastropod Mollusks are able to accumulate heavy metals which will give a hazard to the consumers (Qiang et al., 2001). According to Qiang et al. (2001), the heavy metal concentrations in the local seafood being monitored for many years to ensure the safety of the seafood. The study conducted by Qiang et al. (2001) was to access the current status of heavy metal pollution in shellfish available in major markets in Pearl River Delta and to compare with the tolerable limits. The costal environments of Pearl River become polluted with the liquid waste since the industrial development and the rapid population growth occur there (Qiang et al., 2001). MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 STUDY AREA Study area for this experiment is in Bachok, Kelantan. 3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Instrument that will be used for the analyzing of the heavy metal contents was Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). 3.3 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING MATERIAL Sample that will be collect is B. areolata 3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURE Sample of B. areolata is collected from the sampling area which is in Bachok, Kelantan. 25 g of wet tissue of B. areolata (5 g dry weight) will be weighed out into crucible, and samples will be dried at 135 Â °C for 2 hour to obtain a dry weight. The dry sample then transfer to a cool muffle furnace and the temperature will slowly rise to 450Â °C-500Â °C. The ash will be left overnight. The samples then removed from the muffle furnace and let to cool to room temperature. Next, 2 ml of nitric acid (HNO3) will be added cautiously and swirled. The sample will be evaporated carefully just to dryness on warm hot plate or steam bath. It then transfers to cooled furnace, and the temperature slowly rises to 450 Â °C- 500 Â °C and hold at this temperature for 1 hour. The crucible will be removed and cool. To obtain clean, practically carbon-free ash the nitric acid (HNO3) treatment will be repeated if necessary. 10 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) will be added and ash will dissolve by heating cautiously on a hot plate. The ash then transfers to a volumetric flask and hydrochloric acid (HCl) add as necessary. The ash then cool and dilute to a volume. As the sample ready, the sample will be test with Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) for the heavy metal analysis. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer general procedures consist of: 1. The hollow cathode lamp or electrode discharge lamp and D2-lamp were lighted if such background correction is used. The lamp current was set to the value specified by the manufacturer. 2. The monochromator was positioned at wavelength 213.9 nm. 3. The intensity of the hollow cathode lamp and the D2-lamp was carefully balanced if such background correction is used. 4. The burner head was aligned to assure that the center of the light beam passes over the burner slot. 5. The flame was lighted and the flow of fuel and oxidant was regulated to produce an oxidizing flame (lean blue). 6. Calibration blank was aspirate and a zero point was established. 7. Standard solutions were aspirated and a calibration curve was constructed. 8. Distilled water was aspirated after each standard or sample. EXPECTED RESULTS The B. areolata was live in deep sandy bottom which may be in sea or beach. For this experiment, the sample was draw near the industrial place. The expected heavy metals that will be analyzed from this experiment are Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) (Qiang et al., 2001). These heavy metals was hazardous if accumulated in human tissue with exceeding value that recommended by the expertise. Arsenic can be found naturally on earth in small concentration. It occurs in soils and minerals and it may enter air, water and land through wind-blown dust and water run-off. This could be the reason for the contamination in B. areolata. The cadmium can be contaminated in the B. areolata by the exposure with the anticorrosion agent used by the ship for the coat of the ship itself. As the cadmium was mostly used as the anticorrosion agent, this would be the reasons of the cadmium absorption that release from the ship coat by B. areolata. Next, for the copper, it could be released into the environment by both natural sources and human activities. Examples of natural sources are wind-blown dust, decaying vegetation, forest fires and sea spray. Apart from that, it is applied in the industries and in agriculture which eventually will contaminate the sea water. For lead, although native lead is rare in nature but the contamination could be occur due to the lead cycle results from human production such as from the car exhaust. For mercury it can found naturally in the environment such as in metal form and mercury salts. This could be the source of the contamination. Lastly for the zinc, zinc occurs naturally in air, water and soil, but zinc concentrations are rising unnaturally, due to addition of zinc through human activities. Some soils are heavily contaminated with zinc, and these are to be found in areas where zinc has to be mined or refined, or were sewage sludge from industrial areas has been used as fertilizer. This also could be the source of the heavy metal that contaminated in the B. areolata. GANTT CHART